Biopesticides o se tasi lea o meafaigaluega taua e faʻatino ai le "Green Food System strategy" i Iapani.O lenei pepa o loʻo faʻamatalaina le faʻamatalaga ma le vaega o vailaau faʻasaina i Iapani, ma faʻavasegaina le resitalaina o vailaau faʻasaina i Iapani, ina ia maua ai faʻamatalaga mo le atinaʻeina ma le faʻaogaina o vailaau faʻasaina i isi atunuu.
Ona o le utiuti o le fanua o lo'o avanoa i fanua fa'ato'aga i Iapani, e mana'omia ai le fa'aogaina atili o vaila'au fa'ato'aga ma fetilaisa e fa'ateleina ai fua o fa'ato'aga i le eria.Ae ui i lea, o le faʻaaogaina o le tele o vailaʻau vailaʻau ua faʻateleina ai le avega o le siosiomaga, ma e taua tele le puipuia o le eleele, vai, meaola eseese, laufanua i tua ma le saogalemu o meaʻai e ausia ai faʻatoʻaga gafataulimaina ma le siosiomaga.Faatasi ai ma le maualuga o le toega o vailaau faʻatoʻaga i mea toto e mafua ai le faʻateleina o faʻamaʻi lautele, o faifaatoʻaga ma tagata lautele e masani ona faʻaogaina vailaʻau e sili atu le saogalemu ma sili atu le faʻaogaina o le siosiomaga.
E tutusa ma le fuafuaga a Europa-to-Fork, o le malo Iapani ia Me 2021 na fausia ai se "Green Food System Strategy" lea e faʻamoemoe e faʻaitiitia le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau vailaʻau e 50% i le 2050 ma faʻateleina le vaega o faʻatoʻaga faʻalaʻau. 1 miliona hm2 (e tutusa ma le 25% o fanua fa'ato'aga a Iapani).O le ta'iala e taumafai e fa'aleleia atili le gaosiga ma le fa'atumauina o taumafa, fa'ato'aga, vaomatua ma faigafaiva e ala i faiga fou o le Resilience (MeaDRI), e aofia ai le tu'ufa'atasia o meaola faalafua, fa'aleleia auala fa'aoga ma le atina'eina o isi mea fou.Faatasi ai ma i latou, o le mea sili ona taua o le atinaʻeina, faʻaogaina ma le faʻalauiloaina o le faʻaogaina o meaola faalafua (IPM), ma biopesticides o se tasi lea o meafaigaluega taua.
1. Fa'amatalaga ma vaega o vailaau fa'asaina i Iapani
Biopesticides e feso'ota'i ma vaila'au po'o vaila'au gaosia, ma e masani lava ona fa'asino i vailaau e saogalemu pe faauo i tagata, le si'osi'omaga ma le si'osi'omaga e fa'aaoga pe fa'avae i puna'oa ola.E tusa ai ma le puna o mea aoga, biopesticides e mafai ona vaevaeina i vaega nei: muamua, microbial source pesticides, e aofia ai siama, fungi, viruses ma uluai meaola ola (genetically modified) microbial organisms ma a latou metabolites faalilolilo;O lona lua o vaila'au fa'ato'aga e maua mai ai la'au, e aofia ai la'au ola ma a latou mea e maua mai ai, vaila'au fa'apipi'i fa'apipi'i (genetically modified crops);Tolu, vailaau fa'alafua mai manu, e aofia ai nematodes ola entomopathetic, parasitic ma manu fe'ai ma mea'ai manu (e pei o pheromones).E fa'avasega fo'i e le Iunaite Setete ma isi atunu'u vaila'au fa'anatura e maua mai ai minerale e pei o le suau'u minerale e pei o vailaau fa'asaina.
O le SEIJ a Iapani o loʻo faʻavasegaina biopesticides i vailaʻau faʻamaʻi ola ma vailaau faʻasaina, ma faʻavasega pheromones, microbial metabolites (antibiotic faʻatoʻaga), mea e maua mai i laʻau, vailaʻau e maua mai i minerale, mea e maua mai i manu (e pei o arthropod venom), nanoantibodies, ma mea e puipuia ai laau toto. vailaau fa'ama'i.Ole Fa'alapotopotoga o Fa'ato'aga Fa'ato'aga a Iapani e fa'avasegaina vaila'au fa'ato'aga Iapani i arthropods fili natura, nematodes fili natura, microorganisms ma mea fa'aola, ma fa'avasega Bacillus thuringiensis e le fa'aaogaina o ni microorganisms ma e le aofia ai fa'ato'aga fa'ato'aga mai le vaega o biopesticides.Ae ui i lea, i le puleaina moni o vailaau faʻatoʻaga, o vailaʻau faʻatoʻaga Iapani e vaapiapi faʻauigaina o vailaʻau ola ola, o lona uiga, "o mea e pulea ai meaola e pei o meaola ninii faʻalavelave, meaola ninii faʻamaʻi, iniseti pathogenic microorganisms, iniseti parasitic nematodes, parasitic ma manu feʻai faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o le. meaola faalafua”.I se isi faaupuga, biopesticides Iapani o vailaau e tineia ai manu faʻatau e faʻatau ai meaola e pei o microorganisms, entomopathetic nematodes ma meaola fili faanatura e avea ma mea aoga, ae o ituaiga ma ituaiga o meaola faʻapogai o loʻo resitalaina i Iapani e le o iai i le vaega o biopesticides.E le gata i lea, e tusa ai ma Iapani " Fua mo le Togafitiga o Iʻuga o Suʻesuʻega o le Saogalemu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le talosaga mo le Resitalaina o vailaʻau faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi", o meaola ninii ma laʻau e le o iai i lalo o le pulega o vailaau faʻasaina i Iapani.I tausaga talu ai nei, na amata ai foi e le Matagaluega o Faatoaga, Vaomatua ma Faigafaiva le toe iloiloga o le biopesticides ma fausia ni tulaga fou mo le le resitalaina o biopesticides e faʻaitiitia ai le avanoa o le faʻaogaina ma le salalau o biopesticides e mafai ona afaina tele ai le nofoaga. po'o le tuputupu a'e o manu ma la'au i le si'osi'omaga ola.
O le “Lisi o Mea e Totōina Fa'ato'aga” fa'ato'a tu'uina mai e le Matagaluega o Fa'ato'aga, Vaomatua ma Faigafaiva a Iapani i le 2022 e aofia uma ai vaila'au fa'ato'aga ma nisi vaila'au fa'atosina mai meaola.O vaila'au fa'ato'aga a Iapani e tu'usa'o mai le fa'atuina o le Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) ma le maualuga o le Residue limits (MRL), o ia mea uma e lua e mafai ona fa'aoga i le gaosiga o fa'ato'aga i lalo o le Japanese Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Va'aiga lautele o le resitalaina o vailaau fa'asaina i Iapani
I le avea ai o se atunuʻu taʻutaʻua i le atinaʻeina ma le faʻaogaina o vailaʻau faʻasaina, o Iapani o loʻo i ai se faiga faʻatautaia atoatoa o le resitalaina o vailaau faʻasaina ma le tele o ituaiga o resitalaina o vailaau faʻasaina.E tusa ai ma faʻamaumauga a le tusitala, e oʻo mai i le 2023, e 99 vailaʻau faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ua resitalaina ma aoga i Iapani, e aofia ai le 47 mea aoga, e tusa ma le 8.5% o le aofaʻi o mea aoga o vailaau faʻasaina.Faatasi ai ma ia mea, e 35 mea e faʻaaogaina mo iniseti (e aofia ai le 2 nematocides), 12 mea e faʻaaogaina mo le faʻamaʻiina, ma e leai ni vailaʻau poʻo isi faʻaoga (Ata 1).E ui lava e le o iai le pheromones i le vaega ole biopesticides i Iapani, e masani lava ona faʻalauiloaina ma faʻaoga faʻatasi ma biopesticides e avea ma mea e totō ai.
2.1 Vailaau faalafua o fili faanatura
E 22 mea aoga o meaola faanatura a le fili ua resitalaina i Iapani, lea e mafai ona vaevaeina i iniseti parasitic, iniseti feʻai ma manu faʻatau e tusa ai ma ituaiga meaola ma le faiga o gaioiga.Faatasi ai ma i latou, o iniseti feʻai ma manu feʻai e faʻaumatia iniseti leaga mo meaʻai, ma iniseti parasitic e tuʻu fuamoa i faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ma o latou togo ua fofoa e fafaga i luga o le talimalo ma atiina ae e fasioti le tagata talimalo.O iniseti hymenoptera parasitic, e pei o le aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, hemiptera bee ma Mylostomus japonicus, ua resitalaina i Iapani, e masani lava ona faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o aphids, lago ma whiteflies i luga o fualaau faisua e totoina i totonu o le greenhouse, ma o le manu chrysoptera, bug bug, ladybug ma thrips e masani ona faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o aphids, thrips ma lago paʻepaʻe i luga o fualaau faisua o loʻo totoina i totonu o greenhouses.O miti faʻatau e masani ona faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o le apogaleveleve mumu, laʻau mite, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips ma whitefly i luga o fualaau faisua, fugalaau, fualaau aina, pi ma pateta ua totoina i totonu o greenhouses, faʻapea foʻi ma fualaau faisua, fualaau aina ma lauti ua totoina i totonu. fanua.Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris E le'i toe faafou le lesitalaina o fili faalenatura e pei o O. sauteri.
2.2 Vailaau faalafua fa'ama'i
E 23 ituaiga o vaila'au fa'ato'aga fa'ama'i fa'atosina o lo'o resitalaina i Iapani, e mafai ona vaevaeina i iniseti/fungicide viral, insecticides/fungicides fa'ama'i ma insecticides/fungicides e tusa ai ma ituaiga ma fa'aoga o meaola ninii.Faatasi ai ma ia mea, o insecticides microbial e faʻaumatia pe pulea faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi e ala i le faʻamaʻiina, faʻateleina ma faʻaumatia mea oona.Fungicides microbial pulea siama pathogenic e ala i tauvaga colonization, faalilolilo o antimicrobials poʻo metabolites lona lua, ma le faʻaosoina o laʻau tetee [1-2, 7-8, 11].Fugi (fa'ato'aga) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum ma le Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, Ma le resitalaina o microbial pesticides e pei o le Xan⁃sthogenic pesticides p.vmonastroflexestristhos. Drechslera monoceras e leʻi faʻafouina.
2.2.1 Vailaau iniseti
O vailaʻau faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ma nuclear polyhedroid virus ua resitalaina i Iapani e masani lava ona faʻaaogaina e pulea ai faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi faʻapitoa e pei o le apu, tea ma le lauti laulaʻau umi, faʻapea foʻi ma le Streptococcus aureus i fualaʻau e pei o fualaau 'aina, fualaau faisua ma pi.I le avea ai o le iniseti siama e sili ona faʻaaogaina, o le Bacillus thuringiensis e masani ona faʻaaogaina e pulea ai le lepidoptera ma faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi i luga o fualaʻau e pei o fualaau faisua, fualaau aina, araisa, pateta ma le vao.I totonu o le iniseti fungal faamauina, Beauveria bassiana e masani ona faʻaaogaina e pulea ai faʻamaʻi ma faʻamaʻi gutu faʻamaʻi e pei o thrips, iniseti fua, lago paʻepaʻe, mites, beetles, taimane ma aphids i fualaau faisua, fualaau aina, pine ma lauti.O le Beauveria brucei e faʻaaogaina e pulea ai faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi coleoptera e pei o longiceps ma beetles i laʻau fualaau aina, laau, angelica, fuga cherry ma le shiitake mushrooms.Metarhizium anisopliae sa fa'aaogaina e fa'atonutonu ai le thrips i totonu o le greenhouse fa'ato'aga o fualaau faisua ma mago;Paecilomyces furosus ma Paecilopus pectus sa fa'aogaina e pulea ai lago papa'e, aphids ma apogaleveleve mumu i fuala'au 'aina ma strawberries.E fa'aoga le gale e pulea ai lago pa'epa'e ma thrips ile fa'ato'aga o fualaau faisua, mago, chrysanthemums ma lisiflorum.
Ona na'o le pau lea o le microbial nematocide ua resitalaina ma aoga i Iapani, o le Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum o loʻo faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o nematode aʻa i fualaau faisua, pateta ma mati.
2.2.2 Microbiocides
O le fungicide pei o le fungicide zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus attenuated strain na resitalaina i Iapani sa fa'aogaina mo le puleaina o le fa'ama'i o Mosaic ma le fusarium fusarium e mafua mai i siama e feso'otai i le kukama.I totonu o vailaau faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ua resitalaina i Iapani, o le Bacillus amylolitica e faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi e pei o le pala enaena, lanu efuefu, paʻu uliuli, faʻamaʻi paʻepaʻe, paʻu paʻu, paʻu uliuli, faʻamaʻi laulaʻau, faʻamaʻi paʻepaʻe, paʻepaʻe paʻepaʻe ma lau laʻau. i fualaau faisua, fualaau aina, fugalaau, hops ma tapaa.O le Bacillus simplex sa fa'aaogaina mo le puipuia ma le togafitia o le pala ma le pala o le araisa.Bacillus subtilis o loʻo faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o faʻamaʻi pipisi ma faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi e pei o le lanu efuefu, paʻu paʻu, faʻamaʻi lanu uliuli, faʻamaʻi araisa, laʻau laʻau, paʻu uliuli, paʻu laʻau, paʻepaʻe paʻepaʻe, faʻamaʻi pipisi, faʻamaʻi pipisi, fa'ama'i lanu enaena, fa'ama'i laula'au uliuli ma fa'ama'i siama o fualaau faisua, fualaau 'aina, araisa, fugalaau ma la'au teuteu, pi, pateta, hops, tapaa ma pulou.Ole a'afiaga ole fa'ama'i ole Erwenella soft rot carrot subspecies o lo'o fa'aogaina mo le puleaina ole pala male fa'ama'i u'amea ile fualaau faisua, citrus, cycleen ma pateta.O le Pseudomonas fluorescens e faʻaaogaina e pulea ai le pala, pala uliuli, pala uliuli faʻamaʻi ma fuga fuga pala i lau laulaau faisua.O le Pseudomonas roseni e faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o le pala vaivai, pala uliuli, pala, fuga fugalaʻau pala, siama siama, siama lanu uliuli, faʻamaʻi siama, pala vaivai siama, paʻu aʻa siama, paʻu lala ma siama siama i fualaau faisua ma fualaau aina.Phagocytophage mirabile e faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o faʻamaʻi fula o aʻa o fualaau faisua, ma o ato samasama siama e faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o le paʻu paʻu, lanu uliuli, anthrax, laulaʻau, lanu efuefu, ala araisa, pala, siama siama, lanu enaena. , faʻamaʻi leaga o le fatu ma le paʻu o fualaʻau i luga o fualaau faisua, strawberries ma araisa, ma faʻateleina le tuputupu aʻe o aʻa fua.Lactobacillus plantarum e fa'aaogaina e pulea ai le pala vaivai i fuala'au faisua ma pateta.Faatasi ai ma fungicides ua resitalaina i Iapani, na faʻaaogaina le Scutellaria microscutella mo le puipuia ma le puleaina o le pala o le sclerotium i fualaau faisua, pala le pala uliuli i le scallions ma le kalaka.Trichoderma viridis e faʻaaogaina e pulea ai faʻamaʻi siama ma faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi e pei o le palaisa, faʻamaʻi lanu enaena siama, faʻamaʻi laulaʻau ma le alaisa, faʻapea foʻi ma faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi lanu viole asparagus ma faʻamaʻi siliki paʻepaʻe tapaa.
2.3 Entomopathogenic nematodes
E lua ituaiga o nematodes entomopathogenic ua resitalaina lelei i Iapani, ma o latou faiga faʻamaʻi [1-2, 11] e aofia ai le faʻaleagaina o masini osofaʻi, taumafa taumafa ma le faʻaleagaina o sela o le tino, ma siama symbiotic e faʻamalo ai toxins.Steinernema carpocapsae ma S. glaseri, resitalaina i Iapani, e masani ona faʻaaogaina i pateta suamalie, olive, mati, fugalaau ma laʻau laʻau, fuga cherry, plums, peaches, vine mumu, apu, pulou, fualaau faisua, turf ma ginkgo Puleaina o iniseti faʻamaʻi. e pei o le Megalophora, olive weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Lepidophora fa'alua lua, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach small food anufe , aculema Japonica ma le mumu mumu.Le resitalaina o le entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai e leʻi faʻafouina.
3. Aotelega ma vaaiga
I Iapani, biopesticides e taua tele mo le faʻamautinoaina o le saogalemu o meaʻai, puipuia o le siosiomaga ma meaola eseese, ma le faʻamautuina o atinaʻe faʻatoʻaga gafataulimaina.E le pei o atunuu ma itulagi e pei o le Iunaite Setete, Europa Europa, Saina ma Vietnam [1, 7-8], Iapani biopesticides ua vaapiapi faauigaina e le-genetically modified biocontrol agents e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e avea ma mea e totō ai.I le taimi nei, e 47 vailaʻau faʻamaʻi ua resitalaina ma aoga i Iapani, e aʻafia i fili masani, microorganisms ma iniseti pathogenic nematodes, ma o loʻo faʻaaogaina mo le puipuia ma le puleaina o arthropods leaga, totō parasitic nematodes ma pathogens i luga o togalaau faʻatoʻaga ma togalaau faʻatoʻaga e pei o. e pei o fualaau faisua, fualaau aina, araisa, lauti, laau, fugalaau ma laau teuteu ma mutia.E ui lava o nei biopesticides ei ai le lelei o le maualuga o le saogalemu, maualalo le lamatiaga o fualaau faasaina, suʻesuʻeina e le tagata lava ia poʻo faʻasolosolo faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi i lalo o tulaga lelei, umi taimi aoga ma le faʻasaoina o tagata faigaluega, e iai foʻi a latou mea le lelei e pei o le le lelei o le mautu, faʻagesegese le aoga, leaga le fetaui. , pulea alaleo ma vaapiapi fa'aoga taimi fa'amalama.I le isi itu, o le tele o fualaʻau ma mea e pulea mo le resitalaina ma le faʻaogaina o vailaau faʻasaina i Iapani e faʻatapulaʻaina foi, ma e le mafai ona suitulaga vailaʻau faʻamaʻi e ausia ai le aoga atoatoa.E tusa ai ma fuainumera [3], i le 2020, o le tau o biopesticides na faʻaaogaina i Iapani e naʻo le 0.8%, lea e sili atu le maualalo nai lo le vaega o le numera resitalaina o mea aoga.
I le avea ai ma fa'atonuga autu o le atina'e o fale gaosi oloa i le lumana'i, o lo'o fa'ateleina su'esu'ega ma atina'e ma fa'amauina mo le gaosiga o fa'ato'aga.Faʻatasi ai ma le alualu i luma o meaola faʻasaienisi ma tekinolosi ma le taʻutaʻua o le tau o suʻesuʻega ma atinaʻe biopesticide, le faʻaleleia atili o le saogalemu o meaʻai ma le lelei, uta o le siosiomaga ma mea e manaʻomia mo le atinaʻeina o faʻatoʻaga, o loʻo faʻaauau pea ona tuputupu aʻe le maketi a Iapani.Inkwood Research e fa'atatau e faapea o le maketi a Iapani o le biopesticide o le a tupu i se fua faatatau o le tuputupu aʻe faʻaletausaga o le 22.8% mai le 2017 i le 2025, ma e faʻamoemoe e oʻo atu i le $ 729 miliona i le 2025. Faatasi ai ma le faʻatinoina o le "Green Food System Strategy", o loʻo faʻaaogaina biopesticides. i faifaatoaga Iapani
Taimi meli: Me-14-2024