O vailaʻau faʻasaina o se tasi o meafaigaluega taua e faʻatino ai le "Green Food System strategy" i Iapani. O lenei pepa o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai le faʻamatalaga ma le vaega o vailaʻau faʻasaina i Iapani, ma faʻavasegaina le resitalaina o vailaʻau faʻasaina i Iapani, ina ia maua ai se faʻasinomaga mo le atinaʻeina ma le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau faʻasaina i isi atunuʻu.
Ona o le laʻititi o fanua faʻatoʻaga o loʻo maua i Iapani, e tatau ai ona faʻaaogaina nisi vailaʻau faʻasaina ma faʻapalaga e faʻateleina ai le fua o faʻatoʻaga i le eria taʻitasi. Peitaʻi, o le faʻaaogaina o le tele o vailaʻau faʻasaina ua faʻateleina ai le avega o le siosiomaga, ma e matua taua tele le puipuia o le eleele, vai, ituaiga eseese o meaola, laufanua i tua ma le saogalemu o meaʻai ina ia ausia ai le atinaʻeina o faʻatoʻaga ma le siosiomaga gafataulimaina. Faatasi ai ma le tele o toega o vailaʻau faʻasaina i faʻatoʻaga e mafua ai le faʻateleina o faʻamaʻi lautele, e masani ona faʻaaogaina e faifaʻatoʻaga ma tagata lautele vailaʻau faʻasaina e sili atu le saogalemu ma le lelei mo le siosiomaga.
E tutusa ma le fuafuaga a Europa mai faatoaga i le Fork, na atiae ai e le malo o Iapani ia Me 2021 se "Green Food System Strategy" lea e faamoemoe e faaitiitia ai le faaaogaina o vailaau faasaina e lamatia ai le 50% i le 2050 ma faateleina le eria o faatoaga faalenatura i le 1 miliona hm2 (tutusa ma le 25% o le eria o faatoaga a Iapani). O le fuafuaga e taumafai e faaleleia atili le gaosiga ma le faatumauina o meaai, faatoaga, vaomatua ma faigafaiva e ala i fuafuaga fou o le Resilience (MeaDRI), e aofia ai le puleaina o manu faalafua, faaleleia atili o metotia o le faaaogaina ma le atinaeina o isi auala fou. O le mea e sili ona taua o le atinaeina, faaaogaina ma le faalauiloaina o le puleaina o manu faalafua (IPM), ma o vailaau faasaina o se tasi lea o meafaigaluega taua.
1. Fa'amatalaga ma le vaega o vaila'au fa'asaina i Iapani
O vailaʻau faʻasaina faʻaolaola e faʻatatau i vailaʻau faʻasaina vailaʻau poʻo vailaʻau faʻapitoa, ma e masani ona faʻasino i vailaʻau faʻasaina e saogalemu pe faʻalelei i tagata, le siosiomaga ma le siʻosiʻomaga e faʻaaogaina pe faʻavae i luga o punaoa faʻaolaola. E tusa ai ma le puna o mea aoga, e mafai ona vaevaeina vailaʻau faʻasaina faʻaolaola i vaega nei: muamua, vailaʻau faʻasaina mai siama, e aofia ai siama, fungi, siama ma manu olaola muamua (ua suia faʻasolosolo) meaola faʻasao ma a latou metabolites ua faʻasaʻolotoina; O le lona lua o vailaʻau faʻasaina mai laʻau, e aofia ai laʻau ola ma a latou mea e maua mai ai, mea e puipuia ai laʻau (faʻatoʻaga ua suia faʻasolosolo); Tolu, vailaʻau faʻasaina mai manu, e aofia ai nematodes olaola, manu parasitic ma manu feʻai ma mea e maua mai ai manu (e pei o pheromones). E faʻavasegaina foʻi e le Iunaite Setete ma isi atunuʻu vailaʻau faʻasaina mai minerale masani e pei o le suāuu minerale o ni vailaʻau faʻasaina mai minerale.
Ua fa'avasega e le SEIJ a Iapani vaila'au fa'asaina fa'alenatura i vaila'au fa'asaina o meaola ola ma vaila'au fa'asaina fa'alenatura, ma fa'avasega pheromones, microbial metabolites (fa'ama'i fa'ato'aga), mea'ai mai la'au, vaila'au fa'asaina e maua mai minerale, mea'ai mai manu (e pei o le oona o le arthropod), nanoantibodies, ma vaila'au puipuia e fa'apipi'iina i la'au o ni vaila'au fa'asaina fa'alenatura. Ua fa'avasega e le Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives of Japan vaila'au fa'asaina fa'alenatura Iapani i arthropods fili fa'alenatura, nematodes fili fa'alenatura, meaola ninii ma mea fa'alenatura, ma fa'avasega Bacillus thuringiensis ua le toe fa'agaoioia o ni meaola ninii ma e le aofia ai vaila'au fa'asaina fa'ato'aga mai le vaega o vaila'au fa'asaina fa'alenatura. Peita'i, i le pulega moni o vaila'au fa'asaina, o vaila'au fa'asaina fa'alenatura Iapani e fa'amatalaina fa'atapula'a o vaila'au fa'asaina ola fa'alenatura, o lona uiga, "va'aiga fa'atonutonu fa'alenatura e pei o meaola ninii fete'ena'i, meaola ninii fa'ama'i la'au, meaola ninii fa'ama'i iniseti, nematodes parasitic iniseti, arthropods parasitic ma predatory e fa'aaogaina mo le puleaina o fa'ama'i". I se isi faaupuga, o vailaau fa'asaina fa'a-Iapani o vailaau fa'asaina ia e fa'apisinisi ai meaola ola e pei o meaola ninii, nematodes entomopathetic ma meaola fili masani o ni mea aoga, ae o ituaiga ma ituaiga o mea fa'aolaola ua resitalaina i Iapani e le o aofia i le vaega o vailaau fa'asaina fa'a-ola. E le gata i lea, e tusa ai ma le "Fuafuaga mo le Togafitiga o Taunu'uga o Su'ega Iloiloga Saogalemu e feso'ota'i ma le talosaga mo le Resitalaina o vailaau fa'asaina fa'a-ola", o meaola ninii ma la'au ua suia fa'akenekarate e le o i lalo o le pulega a vailaau fa'asaina fa'a-ola i Iapani. I tausaga talu ai nei, ua amata ai fo'i e le Matagaluega o Fa'ato'aga, Vaomatua ma Faigafaiva le faiga o le toe iloiloga mo vailaau fa'asaina fa'a-ola ma atiae ni tulaga fa'atonuina fou mo le le resitalaina o vailaau fa'asaina fa'a-ola e fa'aitiitia ai le avanoa e ono mafua ai e le fa'aogaina ma le salalau atu o vailaau fa'asaina fa'a-ola le fa'aleagaina tele o le nofoaga po'o le tuputupu a'e o manu ma la'au i le siosiomaga ola.
O le "Lisi o Mea e Fa'aaogā mo le La'au Fa'alenatura" na fa'alauiloa e le Matagaluega o Fa'ato'aga, Vaomatua ma Faigafaiva a Iapani i le 2022 e aofia ai vaila'au fa'asaina uma ma nisi vaila'au fa'asaina e afua mai i meaola. O vaila'au fa'asaina Iapani e tuusaunoa mai le fa'atulagaina o le Fa'atagaina i Aso Ta'itasi (ADI) ma tapula'a maualuga o mea e totoe (MRL), o ia mea uma e lua e mafai ona fa'aaogaina i le gaosiga o oloa fa'ato'aga i lalo o le Japanese Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Aotelega o le resitalaina o vailaʻau faʻasaina faʻaola i Iapani
I le avea ai ma se atunu'u ta'imua i le atina'eina ma le fa'aogaina o vaila'au fa'asaina, o lo'o iai i Iapani se faiga atoatoa o le puleaina o le resitalaina o vaila'au fa'asaina ma le tele o ituaiga resitalaina o vaila'au fa'asaina. E tusa ai ma fuainumera a le tusitala, e o'o mai i le 2023, e 99 sauniuniga o vaila'au fa'asaina ua resitalaina ma aoga i Iapani, e aofia ai mea aoga e 47, e tusa ma le 8.5% o le aofa'i o mea aoga o vaila'au fa'asaina ua resitalaina. I totonu o ia mea, e 35 mea e fa'aaogaina mo vaila'au fa'asaina (e aofia ai le 2 nematocides), e 12 mea e fa'aaogaina mo le fa'amama, ma e leai ni vaila'au fa'asaina po'o isi fa'aoga (Ata 1). E ui o pheromones e le o aofia i le vaega o vaila'au fa'asaina i Iapani, ae e masani ona fa'alauiloaina ma fa'aaogaina fa'atasi ma vaila'au fa'asaina o ni mea e fa'aoga mo le totoina o la'au.
2.1 Fa'ama'i pipisi fa'alenatura o fili fa'alenatura
E 22 mea aoga o vailaʻau faʻasaina faʻalenatura o fili ua resitalaina i Iapani, e mafai ona vaevaeina i iniseti parasitic, iniseti feʻai ma mite feʻai e tusa ai ma ituaiga meaola ma le auala e gaoioi ai. I totonu o ia mea, o iniseti feʻai ma mite feʻai e ʻai iniseti faʻaleagaina mo meaʻai, ma iniseti parasitic e fofoa fuamoa i totonu o iniseti parasitic ma o latou anufe ua fofoa e ʻai i le mea e talimalo ai ma atiina ae e fasiotia ai le mea e talimalo ai. O iniseti parasitic hymenoptera, e pei o le aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, hemiptera bee ma Mylostomus japonicus, ua resitalaina i Iapani, e faʻaaogaina tele mo le puleaina o aphids, lago ma whiteflies i fualaʻau ʻaina e totoina i totonu o le fale lauʻeleʻele, ma o manu feʻai chrysoptera, bug bug, ladybug ma thrips e faʻaaogaina tele mo le puleaina o aphids, thrips ma whiteflies i fualaʻau ʻaina e totoina i totonu o le fale lauʻeleʻele. O mite fa'atau'oa e fa'aaogaina tele mo le puleaina o le apogaleveleve mumu, leaf mite, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips ma le lago pa'epa'e i fuala'au 'aina, fugāla'au 'aina, pi ma pateta e totoina i totonu o fale lau'ele'ele, fa'apea fo'i ma fuala'au 'aina, fuala'au 'aina ma lauti e totoina i fanua. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris E le'i toe fa'afouina le resitalaina o fili fa'alenatura e pei o le O. sauteri.
2.2 Vailaau Fa'ama'i Mikrobi
E 23 ituaiga o mea aoga o vailaʻau faʻamaʻi pipisi ua resitalaina i Iapani, e mafai ona vaevaeina i vailaʻau faʻamaʻi pipisi/fungicides, vailaʻau faʻamaʻi pipisi/fungicides siama ma vailaʻau faʻamaʻi pipisi/fungicides fungal e tusa ai ma ituaiga ma faʻaoga o meaola ninii. I totonu o ia mea, o vailaʻau faʻamaʻi pipisi e fasiotia pe pulea ai meaola faʻamaʻi e ala i le faʻamaʻi, faʻateleina ma le faʻasaʻolotoina o mea oona. O vailaʻau faʻamaʻi pipisi e pulea ai siama faʻamaʻi e ala i le tauvaga faʻatupuina o siama, faʻasaʻolotoina o vailaʻau faʻamaʻi pipisi poʻo metabolites lona lua, ma le faʻaosofia o le teteʻe atu i laʻau [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Fungi (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum ma le Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, Ma le resitalaina o vailaʻau faʻamaʻi pipisi e pei o le Xan⁃thomonas campestris pv.retroflexus ma le Drechslera monoceras e leʻi toe faʻafouina.
2.2.1 Vaila'au fa'ama'i iniseti siama
O vaila'au fa'amate iniseti polyhedroid granular ma nuclear ua resitalaina i Iapani e fa'aaogaina tele e pulea ai fa'ama'i fa'apitoa e pei o le apple ringworm, tea ringworm ma tea longleaf ringworm, fa'apea fo'i ma le Streptococcus aureus i fa'ato'aga e pei o fuala'au 'aina, fuala'au faisua ma pi. I le avea ai ma vaila'au fa'amate iniseti e sili ona fa'aaogaina lautele, o le Bacillus thuringiensis e fa'aaogaina tele e pulea ai fa'ama'i lepidoptera ma le hemiptera i fa'ato'aga e pei o fuala'au faisua, fuala'au 'aina, araisa, pateta ma mutia. I totonu o vaila'au fa'amate iniseti fungal ua resitalaina, o le Beauveria bassiana e fa'aaogaina tele e pulea ai fa'ama'i e lamu ma u'u e pei o thrips, iniseti una, lago pa'epa'e, mites, beetles, taimane ma aphids i fuala'au faisua, fuala'au 'aina, paina ma lauti. O le Beauveria brucei e fa'aaogaina e pulea ai fa'ama'i coleoptera e pei o longiceps ma beetles i la'au fuala'au 'aina, la'au, angelica, cherry blossoms ma shiitake mushrooms. O le Metarhizium anisopliae e fa'aaogaina e pulea ai thrips i le totoina o fuala'au faisua ma mago i totonu o le fale lau'ele'ele; Sa fa'aaogaina le Paecilomyces furosus ma le Paecilopus pectus e pulea ai le lago pa'epa'e, aphids ma le apogaleveleve mumu i fuala'au 'aina ma sitiroperi e totoina i totonu o fale lau'ele'ele. E fa'aaogaina le fungus e pulea ai lago pa'epa'e ma thrips i le totoina o fuala'au 'aina, mago, chrysanthemums ma lisiflorum i totonu o fale lau'ele'ele.
I le avea ai ma pau lea o le vailaʻau faʻamaʻi siama ua resitalaina ma aoga i Iapani, e faʻaaogaina le Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum mo le puleaina o nematode o aʻa i fualaau faisua, pateta ma mati.
2.2.2 Mea Fa'aolaola
O le siama e pei o le fungicide zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus attenuated strain na resitalaina i Iapani na faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o le faʻamaʻi Mosaic ma le fusarium wilting e mafua mai i le siama e fesoʻotaʻi ma le kukama. I totonu o fungicides bacteriological na resitalaina i Iapani, o le Bacillus amylolitica e faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o faʻamaʻi fungal e pei o le brown rot, gray mold, black blight, white star disease, powdery mildew, black mold, leaf mold, spot disease, white rust ma le leaf blight i fualaʻau ʻaina, fualaʻau ʻaina, fugalaʻau, hops ma tapaʻa. Na faʻaaogaina le Bacillus simplex mo le puipuia ma le togafitia o le bacterial wilting ma le bacterial blight o le araisa. E faʻaaogaina le Bacillus subtilis mo le puleaina o faʻamaʻi bacterial ma fungal e pei o le gray mold, powdery mildew, black star disease, rice blast, leaf mildew, black blight, leaf blight, white spot, speckle, canker disease, blight, black mold disease, brown spot disease, black leaf blight ma le bacterial spot disease o fualaʻau ʻaina, araisa, fugalaʻau ma laʻau teuteu, pi, pateta, hops, tapaʻa ma pulouaitu. O ituaiga kāloti pala vaivai o Erwenella e lē fa'ama'i e fa'aaogaina mo le puleaina o le pala vaivai ma le fa'ama'i kanesa i fuala'au 'aina, citrus, cycleen ma pateta. O le Pseudomonas fluorescens e fa'aaogaina e pulea ai le pala, pala uliuli, pala uliuli siama ma le pala o fugālaau 'aina i laulaau 'aina. O le Pseudomonas roseni e fa'aaogaina mo le puleaina o le pala vaivai, pala uliuli, pala, pala o fugālaau 'aina, ila siama, ila uliuli siama, perforation o siama, pala vaivai siama, pala o le 'au siama, pala o lālā siama ma le pala o siama i fuala'au 'aina ma fuala'au 'aina. O le Phagocytophage mirabile e fa'aaogaina mo le puleaina o le fa'ama'i fulafula o a'a o fuala'au 'aina, ma o siama samasama e fa'aaogaina mo le puleaina o le pala pa'u, pala uliuli, anthrax, pala o le lau, pala efuefu, pala o le araisa, pala o le siama, pala o le siama, pala o le enaena, fa'ama'i leaga o le seedling ma le pala o le seedling i fuala'au 'aina, sitiroperi ma araisa, ma fa'aleleia ai le tuputupu a'e o a'a o fa'ato'aga. O le Lactobacillus plantarum e fa'aaogaina e pulea ai le pala vaivai i fuala'au 'aina ma pateta. O le Scutellaria microscutella, o se tasi o vailaʻau faʻamaʻi pipili na resitalaina i Iapani, na faʻaaogaina mo le puipuia ma le puleaina o le pala o le sclerotium i fualaau faisua, pala o le pala uliuli i aniani ma kaliki. O le Trichoderma viridis e faʻaaogaina e pulea ai faʻamaʻi pipisi ma siama e pei o le pala o le araisa, faʻamaʻi pipisi o le enaena, pala o le lau ma le pala o le araisa, faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻamaʻi o le asparagus purple streak ma le faʻamaʻi o le silika paʻepaʻe o le tapaa.
2.3 Nematodes entomopathogenic
E lua ituaiga o nematodes entomopathogenic ua resitalaina lelei i Iapani, ma o latou auala e fasioti ai iniseti [1-2, 11] e aofia ai le faaleagaina o masini osofaʻi, le taumafaina o meaʻai ma le faaleagaina o sela o aano, ma siama symbiotic e faʻasaʻolotoina mea oona. O Steinernema carpocapsae ma le S. glaseri, ua resitalaina i Iapani, e faʻaaogaina tele i pateta suamalie, olive, mati, fugalaau ma laulaau, fugalaʻau cherry, plums, peaches, vine mumu, apu, pulouaitu, fualaau faisua, mutia ma ginkgo. Puleaina o iniseti faʻamaʻi e pei o Megalophora, olive weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach small food worm, aculema Japonica ma le Red fungus. O le resitalaina o le nematode entomopathogenic S. kushidai e leʻi toe faafouina.
3. Aotelega ma le vaaiga
I Iapani, e taua tele vailaʻau faʻasaina mo le faʻamautinoaina o le saogalemu o meaʻai, puipuia o le siosiomaga ma le tele o ituaiga eseese, ma le faʻatumauina o le atinaʻeina o faʻatoʻaga gafataulimaina. E le pei o atunuʻu ma itulagi e pei o le Iunaite Setete, le Iuni a Europa, Saina ma Viatename [1, 7-8], o vailaʻau faʻasaina a Iapani e faʻamatalaina faʻatapulaʻa o ni vailaʻau ola e leʻi suia faʻasolosolo e mafai ona faʻaaogaina o ni mea e totoina ai mea ola. I le taimi nei, e 47 vailaʻau faʻasaina ua resitalaina ma aoga i Iapani, e aofia ai fili faʻalenatura, meaola ninii ma nematodes faʻamaʻi iniseti, ma e faʻaaogaina mo le puipuia ma le puleaina o arthropods faʻaleagaina, nematodes parasitic o laʻau ma pathogens i luga o le totoina o fale lauʻeleʻele ma faʻatoʻaga i le fanua e pei o fualaau faisua, fualaʻau ʻaina, araisa, laʻau lauti, laʻau, fugalaau ma laʻau teuteu ma laufanua. E ui o nei vailaʻau faʻasaina e iai lelei o le saogalemu maualuga, maualalo le lamatiaga o le teteʻe atu i vailaʻau, suʻesuʻe e ia lava pe toe faʻaumatia faʻamaʻi i lalo o tulaga lelei, umi le taimi aoga ma le sefeina o galuega, ae iai foʻi o latou le lelei e pei o le le mautu, lemu le aoga, le fetaui lelei, le tele o le pulea ma le vaapiapi o le taimi faʻaoga. I le isi itu, o le tele o fa'ato'aga ma mea e pulea mo le resitalaina ma le fa'aogaina o vaila'au fa'asaina i Iapani e fa'atapula'aina fo'i, ma e le mafai ona suia vaila'au fa'asaina e ausia ai le aoga atoatoa. E tusa ai ma fuainumera [3], i le 2020, o le tau o vaila'au fa'asaina na fa'aaogaina i Iapani e na'o le 0.8%, lea e maualalo tele nai lo le pasene o le aofa'i resitalaina o mea aoga.
I le avea ai ma itu autū o le atinaʻeina o le alamanuia o vailaʻau faʻasaina i le lumanaʻi, o loʻo faʻateleina suʻesuʻega ma atinaʻe vailaʻau faʻasaina ma resitalaina mo le gaosiga faʻatoʻaga. Faʻatasi ai ma le alualu i luma o le saienisi ma tekinolosi faʻaola ma le taua o le tau aoga o suʻesuʻega ma atinaʻe vailaʻau faʻasaina, le faʻaleleia atili o le saogalemu ma le lelei o meaʻai, avega tau siʻosiʻomaga ma manaʻoga tau atinaʻe faʻatoʻaga gafataulimaina, o loʻo faʻaauau pea ona vave tuputupu aʻe le maketi vailaʻau faʻasaina a Iapani. Ua fuafua e le Inkwood Research o le a tuputupu aʻe le maketi vailaʻau faʻasaina a Iapani i se fua faʻatatau o le tuputupu aʻe faʻaletausaga e 22.8% mai le 2017 i le 2025, ma e faʻamoemoeina e oʻo atu i le $729 miliona i le 2025. Faatasi ai ma le faʻatinoina o le "Green Food System Strategy", o loʻo faʻaaogaina vailaʻau faʻasaina i faifaʻatoʻaga Iapani.
Taimi na lafoina ai: 14 Me 2024