Biopesticides o se tasi lea o meafaigaluega taua e faʻatino ai le "Green Food System strategy" i Iapani. O lenei pepa o loʻo faʻamatalaina le faʻamatalaga ma le vaega o vailaau faʻasaina i Iapani, ma faʻavasegaina le resitalaina o vailaau faʻasaina i Iapani, ina ia maua ai faʻamatalaga mo le atinaʻeina ma le faʻaogaina o vailaau faʻasaina i isi atunuu.
Ona o le utiuti o le fanua o lo'o avanoa i fanua fa'ato'aga i Iapani, e mana'omia ai le fa'aogaina atili o vaila'au fa'ato'aga ma fetilaisa e fa'ateleina ai fua o fa'ato'aga i le eria. Ae ui i lea, o le faʻaaogaina o le tele o vailaʻau vailaʻau ua faʻateleina ai le avega o le siosiomaga, ma e taua tele le puipuia o le eleele, vai, meaola eseese, laufanua i tua ma le saogalemu o meaʻai e ausia ai faʻatoʻaga gafataulimaina ma le siosiomaga. Faatasi ai ma le maualuga o le toega o vailaau faʻatoʻaga i mea toto e mafua ai le faʻateleina o faʻamaʻi lautele, o faifaatoʻaga ma tagata lautele e masani ona faʻaogaina vailaʻau e sili atu le saogalemu ma sili atu le faʻaogaina o le siosiomaga.
E tutusa ma le fuafuaga a Europa-to-Fork, o le malo Iapani ia Me 2021 na fausia ai se "Green Food System Strategy" lea e faʻamoemoe e faʻaitiitia le faʻaogaina o vailaʻau faʻamaʻi e 50% i le 2050 ma faʻateleina le eria o faʻatoʻaga i le 1 miliona hm2 (e tutusa ma le 25% fanua faʻatoʻaga a Iapani). O le ta'iala e taumafai e fa'aleleia atili le gaosiga ma le fa'atumauina o taumafa, fa'ato'aga, vaomatua ma faigafaiva e ala i faiga fou o le Resilience (MeaDRI), e aofia ai le tu'ufa'atasia o meaola faalafua, fa'aleleia auala fa'aoga ma le atina'eina o isi mea fou. Faatasi ai ma i latou, o le mea sili ona taua o le atinaʻeina, faʻaogaina ma le faʻalauiloaina o le faʻaogaina o meaola faalafua (IPM), ma biopesticides o se tasi lea o meafaigaluega taua.
1. Fa'amatalaga ma vaega o vailaau fa'asaina i Iapani
Biopesticides e feso'ota'i ma vaila'au po'o vaila'au gaosia, ma e masani lava ona fa'asino i vailaau e saogalemu pe faauo i tagata, le si'osi'omaga ma le si'osi'omaga e fa'aaoga pe fa'avae i puna'oa ola. E tusa ai ma le puna o mea aoga, biopesticides e mafai ona vaevaeina i vaega nei: muamua, microbial source pesticides, e aofia ai siama, fungi, viruses ma uluai meaola ola (genetically modified) microbial organisms ma a latou metabolites faalilolilo; O lona lua o vaila'au fa'ato'aga e maua mai ai la'au, e aofia ai la'au ola ma a latou mea e maua mai ai, vaila'au fa'apipi'i fa'apipi'i (genetically modified crops); Tolu, vailaau fa'alafua mai manu, e aofia ai nematodes ola entomopathetic, parasitic ma manu fe'ai ma mea'ai manu (e pei o pheromones). E fa'avasega fo'i e le Iunaite Setete ma isi atunu'u vaila'au fa'anatura e maua mai ai minerale e pei o le suau'u minerale e pei o vailaau fa'asaina.
O le SEIJ a Iapani e fa'avasegaina biopesticides i meaola faalafua ma meaola faalafua, ma fa'avasega pheromones, microbial metabolites (antibiotic fa'ato'aga), mea e maua mai i la'au, vaila'au e maua mai i minerale, mea e maua mai i manu (e pei o le arthropod venom), nanoantibodies, ma laau fa'apipi'i vaila'au e puipuia ai meaola. Ole Fa'alapotopotoga o Fa'ato'aga Fa'ato'aga a Iapani e fa'avasegaina vaila'au fa'ato'aga Iapani i arthropods fili natura, nematodes fili natura, microorganisms ma mea fa'aola, ma fa'avasega Bacillus thuringiensis e le fa'aaogaina o ni microorganisms ma e le aofia ai fa'ato'aga fa'ato'aga mai le vaega o biopesticides. Ae ui i lea, i le puleaina moni o vailaau faʻatoʻaga, o vailaʻau faʻasaina Iapani e vaapiapi faʻauigaina o vailaʻau ola ola, o lona uiga, "o mea e pulea ai meaola e pei o microorganisms faʻalavelave, meaola faʻamaʻi pipisi, iniseti pathogenic microorganisms, iniseti parasitic nematodes, parasitic and predatory arthropods faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi". I se isi faaupuga, biopesticides Iapani o vailaau e tineia ai manu faʻatau e faʻatau ai meaola e pei o microorganisms, entomopathetic nematodes ma meaola fili faanatura e avea ma mea aoga, ae o ituaiga ma ituaiga o meaola faʻapogai o loʻo resitalaina i Iapani e le o iai i le vaega o biopesticides. E le gata i lea, e tusa ai ma Iapani " Fua mo le Togafitiga o Iʻuga o Suʻesuʻega o le Saogalemu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le talosaga mo le Resitalaina o vailaʻau faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi", o meaola ninii ma laʻau e le o iai i lalo o le pulega o vailaau faʻasaina i Iapani. I tausaga talu ai nei, na amata ai foi e le Matagaluega o Faatoaga, Vaomatua ma Faigafaiva le toe iloiloga o vailaau faʻasaina ma fausia ni tulaga fou mo le le resitalaina o vailaʻau faʻasaina e faʻaitiitia ai le avanoa o le faʻaogaina ma le faʻasalalauina o vailaau faʻasaina e mafai ona afaina tele ai le nofoaga poʻo le tuputupu aʻe o manu ma laau i le siosiomaga ola.
O le “Lisi o Mea e Totōina Fa'ato'aga” fa'ato'a tu'uina mai e le Matagaluega o Fa'ato'aga, Vaomatua ma Faigafaiva a Iapani i le 2022 e aofia uma ai vaila'au fa'ato'aga ma nisi vaila'au fa'atosina mai meaola. O vaila'au fa'ato'aga a Iapani e tu'usa'o mai le fa'atuina o le Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) ma le maualuga o le Residue limits (MRL), o ia mea uma e lua e mafai ona fa'aoga i le gaosiga o fa'ato'aga i lalo o le Japanese Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Va'aiga lautele o le resitalaina o vailaau fa'asaina i Iapani
I le avea ai o se atunuʻu taʻutaʻua i le atinaʻeina ma le faʻaogaina o vailaʻau faʻasaina, o Iapani o loʻo i ai se faiga faʻatautaia atoatoa o le resitalaina o vailaau faʻasaina ma le tele o ituaiga o resitalaina o vailaau faʻasaina. E tusa ai ma faʻamaumauga a le tusitala, e oʻo mai i le 2023, e 99 vailaʻau faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ua resitalaina ma aoga i Iapani, e aofia ai le 47 mea aoga, e tusa ma le 8.5% o le aofaʻi o mea aoga o vailaau faʻasaina. Faatasi ai ma ia mea, e 35 mea e faʻaaogaina mo iniseti (e aofia ai le 2 nematocides), 12 mea e faʻaaogaina mo le faʻamaʻiina, ma e leai ni vailaʻau poʻo isi faʻaoga (Ata 1). E ui lava e le o iai le pheromones i le vaega ole biopesticides i Iapani, e masani lava ona faʻalauiloaina ma faʻaoga faʻatasi ma biopesticides e avea ma mea e totō ai.
2.1 Vailaau faalafua o fili faanatura
E 22 mea aoga o meaola faanatura a le fili ua resitalaina i Iapani, lea e mafai ona vaevaeina i iniseti parasitic, iniseti feʻai ma manu faʻatau e tusa ai ma ituaiga meaola ma le faiga o gaioiga. Faatasi ai ma i latou, o iniseti feʻai ma manu feʻai e faʻaumatia iniseti leaga mo meaʻai, ma iniseti parasitic e tuʻu fuamoa i faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ma o latou togo ua fofoa e fafaga i luga o le talimalo ma atiina ae e fasioti le tagata talimalo. O iniseti hymenoptera parasitic, e pei o le aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, hemiptera bee ma Mylostomus japonicus, ua resitalaina i Iapani, e masani lava ona faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o aphids, lago ma whiteflies i luga o fualaau faisua e totoina i totonu o greenhouse, ma o le meaʻai ma le pusi faʻaoga o laʻau e faʻaaogaina mo laʻau. o aphids, thrips ma lago paʻepaʻe i luga o fualaau faisua o loʻo totoina i totonu o greenhouses. O mites faʻatau e masani ona faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o le apogaleveleve mumu, laʻau laʻau, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips ma whitefly i luga o fualaau faisua, fugalaau, fualaau aina, pi ma pateta ua totoina i totonu o greenhouses, faʻapea foʻi ma fualaau faisua, fualaau aina ma lauti ua totoina i fanua. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris E le'i toe faafou le lesitalaina o fili faalenatura e pei o O. sauteri.
2.2 Vailaau faalafua
E 23 ituaiga o vaila'au fa'ato'aga fa'ama'i fa'atosina o lo'o resitalaina i Iapani, e mafai ona vaevaeina i iniseti/fungicide viral, insecticides/fungicides fa'ama'i ma insecticides/fungicides e tusa ai ma ituaiga ma fa'aoga o meaola ninii. Faatasi ai ma i latou, insecticides microbial e fasiotia pe pulea ai faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi e ala i le faʻamaʻiina, faʻateleina ma faʻaumatia mea oona. Fungicides microbial pulea siama pathogenic e ala i tauvaga colonization, faalilolilo o antimicrobials poʻo metabolites lona lua, ma le faʻaosoina o laʻau tetee [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Fugi (fa'ato'aga) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum ma le Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, Ma le resitalaina o microbial pesticides e pei o le Xan⁃sthogenic pesticides p.vmonastroflexestristhos. Drechslera monoceras e leʻi faʻafouina.
2.2.1 Vailaau iniseti
O vailaʻau faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ma nuclear polyhedroid virus ua resitalaina i Iapani e masani lava ona faʻaaogaina e pulea ai faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi faʻapitoa e pei o le apu, tea ma le lauti laulaʻau umi, faʻapea foʻi ma le Streptococcus aureus i fualaʻau e pei o fualaau 'aina, fualaau faisua ma pi. I le avea ai o le iniseti siama e sili ona faʻaaogaina, o le Bacillus thuringiensis e masani ona faʻaaogaina e pulea ai le lepidoptera ma faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi i luga o fualaʻau e pei o fualaau faisua, fualaau aina, araisa, pateta ma le vao. I totonu o le iniseti fungal faamauina, Beauveria bassiana e masani ona faʻaaogaina e pulea ai faʻamaʻi ma faʻamaʻi gutu faʻamaʻi e pei o thrips, iniseti fua, lago paʻepaʻe, mites, beetles, taimane ma aphids i fualaau faisua, fualaau aina, pine ma lauti. O le Beauveria brucei e faʻaaogaina e pulea ai faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi coleoptera e pei o longiceps ma beetles i laʻau fualaau aina, laau, angelica, fuga cherry ma le shiitake mushrooms. Metarhizium anisopliae sa fa'aaogaina e fa'atonutonu ai le thrips i totonu o le greenhouse fa'ato'aga o fualaau faisua ma mago; Paecilomyces furosus ma Paecilopus pectus sa fa'aogaina e pulea ai lago papa'e, aphids ma apogaleveleve mumu i fuala'au 'aina ma strawberries. E fa'aoga le gale e pulea ai lago pa'epa'e ma thrips ile fa'ato'aga o fualaau faisua, mago, chrysanthemums ma lisiflorum.
Ona na'o le pau lea o le microbial nematocide ua resitalaina ma aoga i Iapani, o le Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum o loʻo faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o nematode aʻa i fualaau faisua, pateta ma mati.
2.2.2 Microbiocides
O le fungicide pei o le fungicide zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus attenuated strain na resitalaina i Iapani sa fa'aogaina mo le puleaina o le fa'ama'i o Mosaic ma le fusarium fusarium e mafua mai i siama e feso'otai i le kukama. I totonu o vailaʻau faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ua resitalaina i Iapani, o le Bacillus amylolitica e faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi e pei o le pala enaena, grey mold, black blight, white star disease, powdery mildew, black mold, laulaʻau, faʻamaʻi pipisi, ele paʻepaʻe ma lau paʻu i luga o fualaau faisua, fualaau aina, fugalaau, hops ma le tapaa. O le Bacillus simplex sa fa'aaogaina mo le puipuia ma le togafitia o le pala ma le pala o le araisa. Bacillus subtilis e faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o faʻamaʻi pipisi ma faʻamaʻi e pei o le grey mold, powdery mildew, black star disease, blast rice, leaf mildew, black blight, leaf blight, lanu paʻepaʻe, speckle, canker disease, blight, black mold disease, maʻi lanu enaena, lanu uliuli ma faʻamaʻi siama o fualaau faisua, fualaau aina, pateta i fualaau faisua, fualaʻau, araisa, maʻi pateta, fualaʻau, fualaʻau, pateta ma fualaʻau. pulou. Ole a'afiaga ole fa'ama'i ole Erwenella soft rot carrot subspecies o lo'o fa'aogaina mo le puleaina ole pala male fa'ama'i u'amea ile fualaau faisua, citrus, cycleen ma pateta. O le Pseudomonas fluorescens e faʻaaogaina e pulea ai le pala, pala uliuli, pala uliuli faʻamaʻi ma fuga fuga pala i lau laulaau faisua. O le Pseudomonas roseni e faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o le pala vaivai, pala uliuli, pala, fuga fugalaʻau pala, siama siama, siama lanu uliuli, faʻamaʻi siama, pala vaivai siama, paʻu aʻa siama, paʻu lala ma siama siama i fualaau faisua ma fualaau aina. Phagocytophage mirabile e faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o faʻamaʻi fula o aʻa o fualaau faisua, ma o ato samasama siama e faʻaaogaina mo le puleaina o le paʻu paʻu, paʻu uliuli, anthrax, laulaʻau, lanu efuefu, alaisa, paʻu siama, siama siama, lanu enaena, maʻi fatu leaga ma fualaʻau faʻatoʻaga i luga o fualaau faisua. a'a. Lactobacillus plantarum e fa'aaogaina e pulea ai le pala vaivai i fuala'au faisua ma pateta. Faatasi ai ma fungicides ua resitalaina i Iapani, na faʻaaogaina le Scutellaria microscutella mo le puipuia ma le puleaina o le pala o le sclerotium i fualaau faisua, pala le pala uliuli i le scallions ma le kalaka. Trichoderma viridis e faʻaaogaina e pulea ai faʻamaʻi siama ma faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi e pei o le palaisa, faʻamaʻi lanu enaena siama, faʻamaʻi laulaʻau ma le alaisa, faʻapea foʻi ma faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi lanu viole asparagus ma faʻamaʻi siliki paʻepaʻe tapaa.
2.3 Entomopathogenic nematodes
E lua ituaiga o nematodes entomopathogenic ua resitalaina lelei i Iapani, ma o latou faiga faʻamaʻi [1-2, 11] e aofia ai le faʻaleagaina o masini osofaʻi, taumafa taumafa ma le faʻaleagaina o sela o le tino, ma siama symbiotic e faʻamalo ai toxins. Steinernema carpocapsae ma S. glaseri, resitalaina i Iapani, e masani ona faʻaaogaina i luga o pateta suamalie, olive, mati, fugalaau ma laʻau laʻau, fuga cherry, plums, peaches, vine mumu, apu, mushrooms, fualaau faisua, turf ma ginkgo Puleaina o iniseti faʻamaʻi e pei o Megalophora, Red Palm Weestro, Grape Black Weestro. Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Lepidophora fa'alua lua, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach small food anufe, aculema Japonica ma Red fungus. Le resitalaina o le entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai e leʻi faʻafouina.
3. Aotelega ma vaaiga
I Iapani, biopesticides e taua tele mo le faʻamautinoaina o le saogalemu o meaʻai, puipuia o le siosiomaga ma meaola eseese, ma le faʻamautuina o atinaʻe faʻatoʻaga gafataulimaina. E le pei o atunuu ma itulagi e pei o le Iunaite Setete, Europa Europa, Saina ma Vietnam [1, 7-8], Iapani biopesticides ua vaapiapi faauigaina e le-genetically modified biocontrol agents e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e avea ma mea e totō ai. I le taimi nei, e 47 meaola faalafua ua resitalaina ma aoga i Iapani, e aʻafia i fili faanatura, microorganisms ma iniseti pathogenic nematodes, ma o loʻo faʻaaogaina mo le puipuia ma le puleaina o arthropods leaga, totō parasitic nematodes ma pathogens i luga o le greenhouse cultivation ma faatoaga faatoaga e pei o fualaau faisua, fualaau aina, araisa, laau lauti ma laau teuteu, laau. E ui lava o nei vailaʻau faʻamaʻi e iai le lelei o le maualuga o le saogalemu, maualalo le lamatiaga o fualaau faasaina, suʻesuʻeina e le tagata lava ia poʻo faʻasolosolo faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi i lalo o tulaga lelei, umi taimi aoga ma le faʻasaoina o tagata faigaluega, e iai foʻi a latou faʻaletonu e pei o le le lelei o le mautu, faʻagesegese le aoga, le fetaui lelei, faʻatonutonu alaleo ma faʻaoga vaapiapi taimi faʻamalama. I le isi itu, o le tele o fualaʻau ma mea e pulea mo le resitalaina ma le faʻaogaina o vailaau faʻasaina i Iapani e faʻatapulaʻaina foi, ma e le mafai ona suitulaga vailaʻau faʻamaʻi e ausia ai le aoga atoatoa. E tusa ai ma fuainumera [3], i le 2020, o le tau o biopesticides na faʻaaogaina i Iapani e naʻo le 0.8%, lea e sili atu le maualalo nai lo le vaega o le numera resitalaina o mea aoga.
I le avea ai ma fa'atonuga autu o le atina'e o fale gaosi oloa i le lumana'i, o lo'o fa'ateleina su'esu'ega ma atina'e ma fa'amauina mo le gaosiga o fa'ato'aga. Faʻatasi ai ma le alualu i luma o meaola faʻasaienisi ma tekinolosi ma le taʻutaʻua o le tau o suʻesuʻega ma atinaʻe biopesticide, le faʻaleleia atili o le saogalemu o meaʻai ma le lelei, uta o le siosiomaga ma mea e manaʻomia mo le atinaʻeina o faʻatoʻaga, o loʻo faʻaauau pea ona tuputupu aʻe le maketi a Iapani. Inkwood Research e fa'atatau e faapea o le maketi o meaola faalafua Iapani o le a tupu i se fua faatatau o le tuputupu aʻe faʻaletausaga o le 22.8% mai le 2017 i le 2025, ma e faʻamoemoe e oʻo atu i le $ 729 miliona i le 2025. Faatasi ai ma le faʻatinoga o le "Green Food System Strategy", biopesticides o loʻo faʻaaogaina i faifaatoaga Iapani.
Taimi meli: Me-14-2024